80 research outputs found
Design and operation of a prototype interaction point beam collision feedback system for the International Linear Collider
A high-resolution, intratrain position feedback system has been developed to
achieve and maintain collisions at the proposed future electron-positron
International Linear Collider (ILC). A prototype has been commissioned and
tested with a beam in the extraction line of the Accelerator Test Facility at
the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization in Japan. It consists of a
stripline beam position monitor (BPM) with analogue signal-processing
electronics, a custom digital board to perform the feedback calculation, and a
stripline kicker driven by a high-current amplifier. The closed-loop feedback
latency is 148 ns. For a three-bunch train with 154 ns bunch spacing, the
feedback system has been used to stabilize the third bunch to 450 nm. The
kicker response is linear, and the feedback performance is maintained, over a
correction range of over 60 {\mu}m. The propagation of the correction has
been confirmed by using an independent stripline BPM located downstream of the
feedback system. The system has been demonstrated to meet the BPM resolution,
beam kick, and latency requirements for the ILC
A sub-micron resolution, bunch-by-bunch beam trajectory feedback system and its application to reducing wakefield effects in single-pass beamlines
A high-precision intra-bunch-train beam orbit feedback correction system has
been developed and tested in the ATF2 beamline of the Accelerator Test Facility
at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization in Japan. The system uses
the vertical position of the bunch measured at two beam position monitors
(BPMs) to calculate a pair of kicks which are applied to the next bunch using
two upstream kickers, thereby correcting both the vertical position and
trajectory angle. Using trains of two electron bunches separated in time by
187.6~ns, the system was optimised so as to stabilize the beam offset at the
feedback BPMs to better than 350~nm, yielding a local trajectory angle
correction to within 250~nrad. The quality of the correction was verified using
three downstream witness BPMs and the results were found to be in agreement
with the predictions of a linear lattice model used to propagate the beam
trajectory from the feedback region. This same model predicts a corrected beam
jitter of c.~1~nm at the focal point of the accelerator. Measurements with a
beam size monitor at this location demonstrate that reducing the trajectory
jitter of the beam by a factor of 4 also reduces the increase in the measured
beam size as a function of beam charge by a factor of c.~1.6.Comment: 16 pages, 10 figure
The brain microenvironment mediates resistance in luminal breast cancer to PI3K inhibition through HER3 activation
Although targeted therapies are often effective systemically, they fail to adequately control brain metastases. In preclinical models of breast cancer that faithfully recapitulate the disparate clinical responses in these microenvironments, we observed that brain metastases evade phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition despite drug accumulation in the brain lesions. In comparison to extracranial disease, we observed increased HER3 expression and phosphorylation in brain lesions. HER3 blockade overcame the resistance of HER2-amplified and/or PIK3CA-mutant breast cancer brain metastases to PI3K inhibitors, resulting in marked tumor growth delay and improvement in mouse survival. These data provide a mechanistic basis for therapeutic resistance in the brain microenvironment and identify translatable treatment strategies for HER2-amplified and/or PIK3CA-mutant breast cancer brain metastases
Development of the self-modulation instability of a relativistic proton bunch in plasma
Self-modulation is a beam–plasma instability that is useful to drive large-amplitude wakefields with bunches much longer than the plasma skin depth. We present experimental results showing that, when increasing the ratio between the initial transverse size of the bunch and the plasma skin depth, the instability occurs later along the bunch, or not at all, over a fixed plasma length because the amplitude of the initial wakefields decreases. We show cases for which self-modulation does not develop, and we introduce a simple model discussing the conditions for which it would not occur after any plasma length. Changing bunch size and plasma electron density also changes the growth rate of the instability. We discuss the impact of these results on the design of a particle accelerator based on the self-modulation instability seeded by a relativistic ionization front, such as the future upgrade of the Advanced WAKefield Experiment
Experimental study of extended timescale dynamics of a plasma wakefield driven by a self-modulated proton bunch
Plasma wakefield dynamics over timescales up to 800 ps, approximately 100 plasma periods, are studied
experimentally at the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE). The development of the longitudinal
wakefield amplitude driven by a self-modulated proton bunch is measured using the external injection of
witness electrons that sample the fields. In simulation, resonant excitation of the wakefield causes plasma
electron trajectory crossing, resulting in the development of a potential outside the plasma boundary as
electrons are transversely ejected. Trends consistent with the presence of this potential are experimentally
measured and their dependence on wakefield amplitude are studied via seed laser timing scans and electron
injection delay scan
Simulation and experimental study of proton bunch self-modulation in plasma with linear density gradients
We present numerical simulations and experimental results of the self-modulation of a long proton bunch in a plasma with linear density gradients along the beam path. Simulation results agree with the experimental results reported [F. Braunmller, T. Nechaeva et al. (AWAKE Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 264801 (2020)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.125.264801]: with negative gradients, the charge of the modulated bunch is lower than with positive gradients. In addition, the bunch modulation frequency varies with gradient. Simulation results show that dephasing of the wakefields with respect to the relativistic protons along the plasma is the main cause for the loss of charge. The study of the modulation frequency reveals details about the evolution of the self-modulation process along the plasma. In particular for negative gradients, the modulation frequency across time-resolved images of the bunch indicates the position along the plasma where protons leave the wakefields. Simulations and experimental results are in excellent agreement
Consensus guidelines for the use and interpretation of angiogenesis assays
The formation of new blood vessels, or angiogenesis, is a complex process that plays important roles in growth and development, tissue and organ regeneration, as well as numerous pathological conditions. Angiogenesis undergoes multiple discrete steps that can be individually evaluated and quantified by a large number of bioassays. These independent assessments hold advantages but also have limitations. This article describes in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro bioassays that are available for the evaluation of angiogenesis and highlights critical aspects that are relevant for their execution and proper interpretation. As such, this collaborative work is the first edition of consensus guidelines on angiogenesis bioassays to serve for current and future reference
Simulation and experimental study of proton bunch self-modulation in plasma with linear density gradients
We present numerical simulations and experimental results of the self-modulation of a long proton bunch in a plasma with linear density gradients along the beam path. Simulation results agree with the experimental results reported [F. Braunmller, T. Nechaeva et al. (AWAKE Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 264801 (2020)]: with negative gradients, the charge of the modulated bunch is lower than with positive gradients. In addition, the bunch modulation frequency varies with gradient. Simulation results show that dephasing of the wakefields with respect to the relativistic protons along the plasma is the main cause for the loss of charge. The study of the modulation frequency reveals details about the evolution of the self-modulation process along the plasma. In particular for negative gradients, the modulation frequency across time-resolved images of the bunch indicates the position along the plasma where protons leave the wakefields. Simulations and experimental results are in excellent agreement
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